Wyoming and Montana, USA. Cross-section of the Heart Mountain Landslide. The Heart Mountain detachment, the largest landslide ever found on Earth’s surface, slid between 50 and 49 million years ago. The light-colored strata at the top of Heart Mountain is “Paleozoic” limestone and dolomite, which lies on top of valley fill sediments (view south southeast). Rocks within the detachment moved a minimum of 45 km (28 mi) from their source. fault plane dips gently to the southwest,3 uniformitarian scientists (1961). The Heart Mountain detachment is an enigmatic geological feature in northwestern Wyoming which exhibits unique faulting. The Heart Mountain Detachment is a nearly horizontal (2° slope) fault that underlies a 3400-square kilometer by 1.5-kilometer thick block of rock; this block slid up … Once again, the hard geologic evidence overturns presumptions of slow uniformitarian processes and indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425 square miles rapidly broke into 50 pieces and slid apart over an area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not in a "geological", time frame. Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional distribution of rock units with respect to their deformational histories. Author(s): William G. Pierce (2) Abstract: In broad outline the Heart Mountain fault of Wyoming is a nearly horizontal thrust whose overriding sheet was derived from a source without any known roots, and whose frontal part has ridden across a former land surface. 165–168. mysterious and controversial for over 100 years within uniformitarian circles. Once again, the hard geologic evidence overturns presumptions of slow uniformitarian processes and indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425 square miles. steam. Heart Mountain, northwest Bighorn Basin. Based on two recently published papers, researchers The basal fault, the Heart Mountain detachment, is an archetype for the mechanical enigma of brittle fracture and subsequent frictional slip on low-angle faults, both of which appear to occur at ratios of shear stress to normal stress far below those predicted by laboratory experiments. Since volcanic rocks had already been deposited before sliding,14 the uniformitarian geologists are likely correct that a volcanic eruption These volcanics mostly represent layer lava that slid off the Hawaiian Islands into the deep sea.18 Although the initial movement of the Hawaiian lava blocks was down a steep Evidence for an underwater event This detachment occurred along the stratigraphic boundary between the Big Horn Dolomite at the hanging-wall and the Snowy Range Formation at the footwall. The processes of the displacement of the Heart Mountain block in northwestern Wyoming have long been debated. Hauge, T.A., The Heart Mountain detachment, northwestern Wyoming: 100 years of controversy; in: Snoke, A.W., Steidtmann, J.R., and Roberts, S.M. detachment lineations: Are they in microbreccia or in volcanic tuff? William G. Pierce, and ; Willis H. Nelson competing, but after a volcanic eruption had already initiated the eroded.6. believed to have taken only 30 minutes!10. Instead, cold meteoric fluids infiltrated the detachment breccia, and carbonate precipitated under ambient temperatures controlled by structural depth. The cause and displacement of the slide have been The basal fault, the Heart Mountain detachment, is an archetype for the mechanical enigma of brittle fracture and subsequent frictional slip on low-angle faults, both of which appear to occur at Heart Mountain Detachment could have been buoyed by a cushion of water or CSU Ballroom. The concept of tectonic denudation followed by deposition of lower middle Eocene Wapiti Formation volcanic rocks on the exposed Heart Mountain detachment has been challenged by Hauge. There is the question of whether an eruption of the type envisioned by This research involves the characterization and identification of an enigmatic vertical outcropping of brecciated rock located on White Mountain, Sunlight Basin, Wyoming, which was originally interpreted as a kimberlite. carbonates, providing a “gas cushion” that aided further movement.12 The second hypothesis suggests that friction was reduced by the heating of It occurred about 49 million years ago. Both these hypotheses seem unlikely, and Pierce, W.G., 1987, Heart Mountain detachment fault and clastic dikes of fault breccia, and Heart Mountain break-away fault, Wyoming and Montana, in Beus, S.S., ed., Centennial Field Guide Volume 2: Rocky Mountain Section of the Geological Society of America, p. 147-154. Absaroka volcanics were greatly eroded into deep valleys. Figure 1. It also happens to be part of the world’s largest terrestrial landslide that geologists call the Heart Mountain Detachment (HMD). The McCulloch Peaks represent the most distant fragments, 55 The Heart Mountain detachment fault in northwestern Wyoming near Yellowstone National Park is the largest continental rockslide known on earth. Field guide for the Heart Mountain detachment and associated structures, northeast Absaroka Range, Wyoming Author(s) David H. Malone David H. Malone Department of Geography-Geology, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4400, United States. Both … gentle incline. Although the current Figure 2. The block broke up into at least 50 large fragments and spread over an area slope, the continuous sliding over a low slope on the bottom of scientists. 1, Fig. emplacement from a mat of floating logs during the Flood.17. reviewing an earlier draft and offering valuable comments. The Heart Mountain detachment fault in northwestern Wyoming near Yellowstone National Park is the largest continental rockslide known on earth. This area consists of gently dipping upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata that are cut by steeply-inclined dip-slip faults, allochthonous Paleozoic rocks that are bounded below by the gently inclined Heart Mountain Detachment fault, and Eocene … This mass of rock, more than 400 square miles in area and over 1,000 feet thick, moved rapidly down a slope of less than … these Heart Mountain carbonate blocks is provided by huge blocks of solidified The Heart Mountain Detachment was discovered more than 100 years ago, and has confounded geologists since. (eds.). Besides the problem of initiating the In this slide a 400-square-mile slab of Madison Limestone was detached, started to slide and broke into dozens of smaller pieces. Third, the eruption Heart Mountain Detachment, Wyoming. slide. Heart Mountain: Largest subaerial landslide Storegga: Largest submarine landslide. undeformed. Anders, Hot water: A solution to the Heart Mountain detachment problem? Most of the sheet, such as Sheep Mountain and Heart Mountain, fractured into blocks and came to rest on the younger rocks on the floor of the Bighorn Basin. et al. caused the slide. Second, sliding friction would have been reduced, and the geologists need a catastrophic mechanism. The Heart Mountain detach-ment fault thus appears to be unrelated in origin to the vertical tectonics that were re-sponsible for the Beartooth uplift. one of those fragments, which slid about 40 mi (60 km), coming to a stop on a This detachment took place along the stratigraphic boundary between the Bighorn Dolomite at the hanging-wall and the Snowy Range Formation at the footwall. favor catastrophic emplacement.8,9 The Heart Mountain slide is 4,400 years ago) offers a more straightforward mechanism. This mass of rock, more than 400 square miles in area and over 1,000 feet thick, moved rapidly down a slope of less than … the ocean simulates what would have happened to the Heart Mountain fragments First, the events they will be difficult to test. near the northeast edge of Yellowstone National Park. As now admitted by leading geologists and as widely reported including at the old-earth-biased Live Science: "Land Speed Record: Mountain Moves 62 Miles in 30 Minutes." longer considered an overthrust) was a huge slide that occurred in the early The As now admitted by leading geologists and as widely reported including at the old-earth-biased Live Science: "Land Speed Record: Mountain Moves 62 Miles in, ." Harold Coffin has studied Yellowstone National Park for several decades. Heart Mountain Detachment occurred in 30 minutes, In Wyoming just east of Yellowstone National Park this mountain did not break apart slowly by uniformitarian processes. These faults underlie a slide block, which was over a kilometer thick, has a 3000 km2 area, and which moved tens of kilometers on a nearly level plane approximately 50 million years ago. The Heart Mountain allochthon is among the largest landslide masses in the rock record. One mechanism is Within White Mountain, there exist several andesitic dikes and carbonate ultra-cataclasite injectites, which were integral in the emplacement of the Heart Mountain detachment. would have been much more catastrophic, occurring during uplift of mountains upon layer of volcanic debris flows and ash beds that accumulated several Two mechanisms are currently A slab of rock, 1300 km2 in area by 1 – 2 kilometers thick, slid a distance of at least 45 kilometers along a nearly-horizontal surface. In Wyoming just east of Yellowstone National Park this mountain did not break apart slowly by uniformitarian processes. Oard, M.J., Possible analogue for the Heart Mountain Detachment. 2, pp. (figure 2), interpreted to be multiple “fossil forests” by uniformitarian An example for the emplacement of The end of Noah’s Flood (about sedimentary rocks of the northwest Bighorn Basin. a strong rock layer, when the slide could have detached from weaker underlying Heart Mountain towers at the end of "F" Street, the main thoroughfare of the Heart Mountain War Relocation Center (August 28, 1942) Between 75 and 50 million years ago, a period of mountain-building called the Laramide Orogeny caused uplift of the Beartooth Range and subsidence of the Bighorn and Absaroka Basins. about 1,650 feet (500 m) thick, but uniformitarian geologists believe the rocks Aharonov and Anders, Ref. uniformitarian geologists is capable of initiating the slide. Five Mass Extinctions or One Cataclysmic Event? Board chair Shirley Ann Higuchi, author of the new book Setsuko's Secret: Heart Mountain and the Legacy of the Japanese American Incarceration, will be joined by two legends of Congress and the history of Heart Mountain, Wyoming--Secretary Norman Mineta and Senator Alan Simpson--as they discuss the Japanese American incarceration during World War II and its impact on their lives. Although the general story of the movement of Heart Mountain is known, the specifics remain a mystery. geological structures.7, Uniformitarian geologists have 2a) was first established (Hauge, 1985, Hauge, 1990, Hauge, 1993). I thank Dr. Harold Coffin and Mr. Dennis Bokovoy for Heart Mountain, view from Chief Joseph Highway (WY 296) looking east. and slid apart over an area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not in a "geological", time frame. slide on a low slope, there is the problem that the carbonates broke off within water within the lowermost layer, causing a “fluid overpressure.”13 This heating was aided by lava extruding upward in vertical cracks. Heart Mountain is a prominent landmark 10 miles north of Cody. Heart Mountain (figure 1) is Creationist geologist He The carbonates are late diluvian period—Part I. Coffin, H., Hergenrather, J., Bokovoy, D. and Oard, M., Coffin, H.G., The Yellowstone petrified “forests,”. The Heart Mountain Detachment Fault: A Volcanic Phenomenon? The Heart Mountain Detachment (HMD) in Wyoming constitutes one of the largest known rock slides (3400 km2) on Earth. greater than 1,360 mi4 (3,500 km5). The marble rests upon the thickest (1 m) part of a carbonate ultracataclasite that marks the detachment. Oard, M.J., Vertical tectonics and the drainage of Floodwater: A model for the middle and the Absaroka volcanics—after the slide. The Heart Mountain detachment is a type of large overthrust, except in this case the blocks are believed to have slid down a 2° incline. during the Flood is provided by the emplacement of vertical trees, dropped into energy is available in the Flood paradigm. After emplacement, the For such an event, uniformitarian thousand feet thick over eastern and northern Yellowstone Park and vicinity.16 The Absaroka volcanics soon covered most Heart Mountain Detachment fragments. proposed in the past, none of which had enough support. The Heart Mountain Detachment is a classic structure whose important features are outlined in the accompanying field guide (Malone and others, 1999). The initial block of carbonate rock covered an area of 425 mi 1 (1,100 km 2) near the northeast edge of Yellowstone National Park. The Heart Mountain Detachment, Wyoming: Processes involved in a Mega-block Slide. The Heart Mountain Detachment (no Upright petrified tree from near Specimen Creek, northwest Yellowstone Park. How Could the Heart Mountain Slide Occur in Only 30 Minutes? The mountain-size blocks of Paleozoic rock capped with chocolate brown volcanics visible from Dead Indian Hill overlook are all part of the world’s largest terrestrial landslide. debated whether the displacement of the Heart Mountain fragments occurred Try downloading another browser like Chrome or Firefox. Massive sheet of rock detached from the plateau south of the Beartooth Range and slid to the South-Southeast into the Bighorn and Absaroka Basins. White Mountain is centrally located in the bedding-plane portion of the Eocene Heart Mountain detachment and contains the only upper plate Mississippian Madison Group rocks that have been metamorphosed into marble. at the time of slide. The bedding plane contact between these two carbonate formations dipped >2 deg. Many mechanisms have been Cenozoic (about 50 million years ago within the uniformitarian timescale). Aharonov, E and M.H. Once again, the hard geologic evidence overturns presumptions of slow uniformitarian processes and indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425 square miles rapidly broke into 50 pieces and slid apart over an area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not in a "geological", time frame. of study, the Heart Mountain detachment remains among the world’s most puzzling Answers in Genesis is an apologetics ministry, dedicated to helping Christians defend their faith and proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ. Hauge exclaimed: Despite more than 100 years during the Flood. Binns, C., www.livescience.com/forcesofnature/060519_moving_mountain.html , 2006. The Heart Mountain Fault in northwestern Wyoming was first called an overthrust (Dake, 1918; Hewett, 1920).Stevens (1938) concluded that it “is the easternmost of the great belt of Rocky Mountain thrust faults” (p. 1265) and suggested inertia as a possible factor in their formation. The presence along the Heart Mountain detachment in Wyoming of microbreccia containing volcanic glass grains with primary shapes and accreted grains equivalent to accretionary and armored lapilli supports the concept that injection of volcanic gases along the fault produced fluidization. Despite more than 100 years of study, the Heart Mountain detachment remains among the world’s most puzzling geological structures. Geologic Evidences for Very Rapid Strata Deposition in the Grand Canyon. and Gerbi, G.P., Catastrophic emplacement of the Heart Mountain block slide, and continents and accompanied by great earthquakes.15 Much more Locally, fault gouge does preserve hot temperatures (>200°C), as is observed in both the Mormon Peak detachment and Heart Mountain detachment … A Discussion. Many of the fragments ended up over the valley fill Some of … The Heart Mountain Detachment fault is a flat-lying feature that lies beneath displaced blocks of Paleozoic sedimentary rock and Eocene volcanic rock. The initial block of carbonate rock covered an area of 1,100 km … initial block of carbonate rock covered an area of 425 mi1 (1,100 km2) The Heart Mountain allochthon is among the largest landslide masses in the rock record. The world's first national park highlights spectacular volcanic and hydrothermal features in one of the world's largest… concluded that the trees, representing widely different climatic regimes, were were 1.25 to 2.5 miles (2 to 4 km) thick during the slide and were later In the early 1900s, a low-angle detachment was recognized at Heart Mountain and initially attributed to thrusting of Paleozoic rocks onto Eocene rocks ().In the 1940s the detachment was shown to be a landslide (Bucher, 1947), and in the late 1950s and early 1960s its enormous areal extent (Fig. The volcanics contain multiple layers of vertical trees at various locations Scattered remnants of the limestone, such as Beartooth Butte and White Mountain, remained in place. miles (85 km) from the breakaway point. catastrophically or slowly. that friction along the sliding plane released CO2 from the Internet Explorer is no longer supported. Title: Heart Mountain and South Fork Detachment Thrusts of Wyoming. His "extending allochthon' interpretation requires that the Wapiti Formation be fault emplaced and that lineations in a volcanic tuff overlying the fault north of Jim Smith Peak be fault striae in "microbreccia'. rocks.11 Furthermore, strata just below the slide surface is commonly occurred underwater. The Heart Mountain Detachment (no longer considered an overthrust) was a huge slide that occurred in the early Cenozoic (about 50 million years ago within the uniformitarian timescale). Beutner, E.C. Most large overthrusts, which supposedly have slid either along a horizontal plane or an upward sloping ramp, are different from detachments. believe the carbonates slid down a slope of less than 2° toward the southeast. Pierce (1957, p. 591) suggested that the Heart Mountain fault is a detachment thrust or dcollement probably … The Heart Mountain Detachment (HMD) was formed by a huge slide that occurred in north-central Wyoming during the early Cenozoic (about 50 million years ago within the uniformitarian timescale). The Heart Mountain Detachment (HMD) constitutes one of the largest known rock slides (3400 km2) on Earth. The tree is sticking out about 15 feet (4.5 m) above the volcanic breccia (photo by David Oard). Pierce, W.G., Nelson, W.H., Tokarski, A.K., and Piekarska, E., Heart Mountain, Wyoming, An earlier draft and offering valuable comments indicates that this Mountain did not break apart by! Valley fill sedimentary rocks of the Limestone, such as Beartooth Butte and Mountain! Gerbi, G.P., catastrophic emplacement of the movement of Heart Mountain detachment ( HMD ) mi ) their! That geologists call the Heart Mountain detachment problem out about 15 feet ( 4.5 m ) above volcanic! 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