Plant Guide for Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.). Anderson [ed.] 1994a. Ch. Nuisance Aquatic Plants and Aquatic Plant Management Programs in the United States. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum and related Haloragaceae species. As a general rule, Eurasian watermilfoil typically has more than 14(12-20) leaflet pairs per leaf and reduced bracts on inflorescences, in contrast to native milfoils which have fewer than 14(5-10) leaflet pairs, as in M. sibiricum, and bracts at least twice as long as the flowers, as in M. heterophyllum andM. verticillatum (Aiken 1981; Gerber and Les 1994; Patten 1956). 1993. Rabe, F.W., and S.W. Water drawdowns are most effective when the plants are exposed to several weeks of drying time and root crowns are exposed to sub-freezing temperatures (IL DNR 2009). Kendall Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, IA. Myriophyllum spicatum . Keast, A. Environmental Entomology. 1994. 1980. 35 pp. Euhrychiopsis lecotei feeds on the new growth of M. spicatum and can help keep populations under control; it is common for the populations of for E. lecotei and M. spicatum to exhibit the classic predator-prey cycles (Creed Jr. and Sheldon 1995, Michigan Sea Grant 2012). Annual Report. Kroken, and R. C. Anderson. U.S. Environmental Management. Johnson, R. L. and B. Blossey. Michigan Sea Grant and the Great Lakes Restoration Initative. 2004, GLIFWC 2006). Sea Grant Publication No. Myriophyllum spicatum can be found in depths of 1-10 m in lakes, ponds, shallow reservoirs and low energy areas of rivers and streams, and can grow in a variety of conditions; [] M. spicatum is a perennial that flowers twice a year, typically mid-June and late-July, followed Nichols, S.A. and L.A. Buchan. Biological Invasions 9:559-570. Mills, E.L., J.H. Nerone. Sutherland. Richerson., 2020, Click here for Great Lakes region collection information, http://www.dnr.state.il.us/stewardship/cd/eppc/watermilfoil.html, http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/exotics/eurasian.html, http://invasives.glifwc.org/Myriophyllum_spicatum/eco_impacts.html, http://www.in.gov/dnr/files/EURASIAN_WATERMILFOIL.pdf, http://www.epa.state.il.us/water/conservation/lake-notes/aquatic-exotics/aquatic-exotics.pdf, http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/watermilfoil, http://www.dnr.state.il.us/stewardship/cd/biocontrol/6eurasianmilfoil.html, http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/downloads/ais/CBCW-lakes-EWM.pdf, http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/files/2012/12/06-710-EWM-milfoil-2012rev.pdf, http://www.misin.msu.edu/facts/detail.php?id=44, http://www.dec.ny.gov/enb/20130213_not5.html, http://www.invadingspecies.com/invaders/plants-aquatic/eurasian-water-milfoil/, http://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1428, http://www.invasive.org/eastern/midatlantic/mysp.html, http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/aqua004.htm, http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticplants/milfoil/program.html, http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/invasives/fact/eurasianwatermilfoil.html, Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission Maps, US Fish and Wildlife Service Ecological Risk Screening Summary for, John Halpop - Montana State Univ. Cohen, A.N., and J.T. Native to Europe, Asia, northern Africa and Greenland. Two new Myriophyllums and a species new to the United States. 213 pp. Invasive Plants of the Eastern U.S.: Identification and Control. The introduced aquatic macrophyte, Myriophyllum spicatum, as habitat for fish and their macroinvertebrate prey. MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA. University of Connecticut. Lodge. Environmental Entomology 33(4): 872-880. North American Journal Fisheries Management. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/lakes/aquaticplants/index.html. Minnesota and Federal Prohibited and Noxious Plants. Factors influencing potential intralake colonization by Myriophyllum spicatum L. Aquatic Botany 14:295-307. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WI DNR). Ceska, O. and A. Ceska. 1968. Newman. 2011. 1971. Manny. The effect of herbivore feeding on the buoyancy of Eurasian watermilfoil. Castanea 62(3):194-208. Aurand, D. 1982. Aquatic Plant Mapping for 36 King County Lakes. Journal of Iowa Academy of Science 97(4):127-132. Sheldon, S.P. 35(1): 121-126. The influence of an exotic submersed aquatic plant, Myriophyllum spicatum, on water quality, vegetation, and fish populations of Kirk Pond, Oregon. Summary Report of Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in U.S. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Institute for Environmental Studies, Remote Sensing Program, Madison, WI. 2010. Creed, R. P., and S. P. Sheldon. The effect of herbivore feeding on the buoyancy of Eurasian watermilfoil. Bowen, D. 2010. A Conspectus of Myriophyllum (Haloragaceae) in North America. 1998. http://www.upenn.edu/paflora. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH). 1993. Fisheries Section, Game and Fish Division, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Spanish Fort, AL. Jacono, and M.M. 25 Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Control Research Prog. 13(4):757-765. As a general rule, Eurasian watermilfoil typically has more than 14(12-20) leaflet pairs per leaf and reduced bracts on inflorescences, in contrast to native milfoils which have fewer than 14(5-10) leaflet pairs, as in M. sibiricum, and bracts at least twice as long as the flowers, as in M. heterophyllum andM. verticillatum (Aiken 1981; Gerber and Les 1994; Patten 1956). Leu, E., A. Krieger-Liszkay, C. Goussias, and E. M. Gross. pp. References to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the Table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables. Accessed on 10/15/2015. 2007. Smart, G.O. 1993. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 5. 1991. 2006. Jacono, and M.M. Weber, J.A. Smart. 1997. Ohio Journal of Science 95(3):261-266. New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH. Available http://www.dnr.state.il.us/stewardship/cd/eppc/watermilfoil.html. 1996. Bratager, M., W. Crowell, S. Enger, G. Montz, D. Perleberg, W.J. Realized Property owners, lake associations, and local governments incur costs to keep boat channels clear and the disposal of M. spicatum (Bowen 2010). New York Department of Environmental Conservation. Trapaceae, Haloragaceae, Hippuridaceae. Views. 134, Office of Water Research Technology, U.S. Department of the Interior. 151 pp. 2008. Myriophyllum spicatum in North America. Julien, M. H. and M.W. Eurasian watermilfoil in Lake Tahoe: a threat to a national treasure. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Annapolis, MD. Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils. Calflora. Environmental Entomology 33(4): 872-880. Note: Check state/provincial and local regulations for the most up-to-date information regarding permits for control methods. Accessed 25 April 2013. 2002. 1994. Physical Because this plant spreads readily through fragmentation, mechanical controls such as cutting, harvesting, and rotovation (underwater rototilling) should be used only when the extent of the infestation is such that all available niches have been filled. Secor. Upwellings. Adaptations of macrophytes to life in moving water: upslope limits and mechanical properties of stems. 39-50 in: L.W.J. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database. Michigan Sea Grant Coastal Program. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 1979). A., P. Filice, E. LaPorte, and S. Ariganello. OTA-F-565. 2006. University of Rhode Island; Rhode Island Natural Histroy Survey. 201 pp. Gustafson, T.D., and M.S. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Annapolis, MD. The status of some American species of Myriophyllum as revealed by the discovery of intergrade material between M. exalbescens Fern. Distribution of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in the Chesapeake Bay and Tributaries and Chincoteague Bay - 1995. Landers, D.H. and D.G. Myriophyllum spicatum L. Water milfoil family (Halogoraceae) Origin: Eurasia and Africa. 2005. http://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1428. Accessed on 06/26/2015. Select a category . 1969. Eurasian Watermilfoil. Aquatic Invasive Species: Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). Sea Grant Publication No. Economic and Environmental Impacts of N.C. Myriophyllum Haloragaceae species in British Columbia: problems with identification. Mississippi River Basin ANS Regional Panel. 2002. Schuyler, A.E. Vegetative spread of Eurasian watermilfoil in Lake George, New York. Martin, W.C. and C. R. Hutchins. Chadde. 1985. Comparative carbohydrate storage and utilization patterns in the submersed macrophytes, Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria americana. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/aqua004.html. 2009. Minnesota Sea Grant. Oviposition specificity and behavior of the watermilfoil specialist Euhrychiopsis lecontei. Plant zonation changes in the tidal portion of the Delaware River. Accessed 25 April 2013. Distribution of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in the Chesapeake Bay and Tributaries and Chincoteague Bay - 1995. This advantage allows Eurasian milfoil to form dense beds with stem densities in excess of 300/m2 in shallow water; essentially excluding other plant species (Aiken et al 1979). Water Bureau. 26 Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Control Research Program. Plant Physiology 130(4): 20112018. A biogeographic perspective on Eurasian watermilfoil declines: Additional evidence for the role of herbivorous weevils in promoting declines? 1994. Latimore, J. Evaluation of invasions and declines of submersed macrophytes for the Upper Great Lakes Region. Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions. 24Glomski, L.M., K.V. Available http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/invasives/fact/eurasianwatermilfoil.html. Anderson, L.W. Myriophyllum spicatum has a moderate beneficial effect in the Great Lakes. Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Keast (1984) also found that there were 3-4 times as many fish feeding in native plant communities than in beds of M. spicatum. The amine formulations of 2,4-D granules are effective on controlling Eurasian watermilfoil and will not damage grasses (IL DNR 2009, Lembi 2003, Water Bureau 2005). http://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?webmap=126b9dbc59f44f969f74739bc9bc4ade&extent=-71.7106,43.2134,-68.6784,44.6356. 1996. The preferred habitat for Eurasian water-milfoil is fresh or brackish water of fish ponds, lakes, slow-moving streams, reservoirs, and canals. At high densities, its foliage supports a lower abundance and diversity of invertebrates, organisms that serve as fish food (Keast 1984). Fisheries 20(3):20-27. Tolerant of low water temperatures, it quickly grows to the surface, forming dense canopies that overtop and shade the surrounding vegetation (Madsen et al. Crosson, H. 2000. Kolaga. Herbarium Specimen Voucher, Arizona State University (ASU) Vascular Plant Herbarium, Collections Database. Myriophyllum spicatum is a prohibited species in Illinois and Michigan; its hybrids and variants are also prohibited in Minnesota and Wisconsin (GLPANS 2008). 36 pp. 74 pp. Table 1. Using mechanical controls while the plant is still invading, will tend to enhance its rate of spread. 1992. The Proceedings of the Louisiana Academy of Sciences 43:119-138. US Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station. Comparison of leaf morphology among submersed species of Myriophyllum (Haloragaceae) from different habitats and geographical distributions. Pages 99-117 in Proceedings, 27th Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Control Research Program. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Gustafson, T.D., and M.S. Report A-88-5. Honnell. Fisheries 20(3):20-27. Contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co-authorship if warranted. Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. 2 pp. Ecology: Myriophyllum spicatum can be found in depths of 1-10 m in lakes, ponds, shallow reservoirs and low energy areas of rivers and streams, and can grow in a variety of conditions; fresh or brackish water, a wide temperature and a soil pH of 5.4-11 (Aiken et al. 1990. Dense cover allows high survival rates of young fish; however, larger piscivorous fish lose foraging space and are less efficient at obtaining their prey (Lillie and Budd 1992). Aquatic Exotics. Water Plants for Missouri Ponds. MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA. University of Connecticut. 1993a. Long stems can get tangled around boat propellers and may cause damage (IL EPA 1996). Sheldon, S.P., and R. P. Creed. Moody, M. L., and D. H. Les. Background Introduced accidentally from Eurasia in the 1940s, Eurasian water-milfoil possibly escaped from an aquarium or was brought in on a commercial or private boat. 26 Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Control Research Program. 1990. These root crowns begin growing the following spring once water temperatures reach about 60F (Smith and Barko 1990). Madsen, and R.M. Eurasian Watermilfoil in Vermont. U.S. 4 pp. Accessed 25 April 2013. 1993b. Eurasian watermilfoil tends to invade disturbed areas where native plants cannot adapt to the alteration. Wisconsin Lutheran College, Biology Department. Vol. Brewer, C., and M. Parker. Jensen, D. 2010. It is tolerant of many water pollutants. Morgantown, WV. New floristic records for Nebraska-5. Aquatic Invasive Species: Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). Secor. Bayne, D.R. Created on 01/10/2015. Kight, J. The status of some American species of Myriophyllum as revealed by the discovery of intergrade material between M. exalbescens Fern. 2007. Brewer, C., and M. Parker. Ceska, O. and A. Ceska. Vermont Aquatic Plant Survey. Known Positive Waters for ANS in Colorado January 2014. http://CPW.state.co.us/Documents/WildlifeSpecies/AquaticNuisance/PositiveANSWaters.pdf. Available http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/files/2012/12/06-710-EWM-milfoil-2012rev.pdf. Bowen, D. 2010. Names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. Honnell, D., J.D. Creed, R. P., and S. P. Sheldon. 2012. Aquatic weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) associated with northern watermilfoil (Myriophyllum sibiricum) in Alberta, Canada. Invasive Plants of the Eastern U.S. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/eap/lakes/aquaticplants/index.html. Ecology of Eurasian watermilfoil. Light Attenuating Dyes. 14 pp. The American Midland Naturalist 81(2):353-369. A concentration of 0.75 parts per million of triclopyr was used to control Eurasian watermilfoil in Loon Lake, New York (Miller 2013). Further investigations into the effect of herbivores on Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). Patten, Jr., B.C. Moorehead, G.K. Douce, R.C. Richerson. Oregon Invasive Specie Council. 1979). The importance of turions in the propagation of Myriophyllum exalbescens (Haloragidaceae) in Douglas Lake, Michigan. Eurasian watermilfoil: factsheet. Available http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticplants/milfoil/program.html. Aquatic plant management. Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) habitat was predicted at multiple scales, including a lake, regional, and national level. The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA. (BAPM) Bureau of Aquatic Plant Management. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. Institute for Botanical Exploration, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. Mechora, S., V. Stibilj, and M. Germ. Statewide Aquatic Vegetation Survey Summary, 1995 Report. The MITRE Corporation, McLean, VA. (BAPM) Bureau of Aquatic Plant Management. 1968. Myriophyllum spicatum dies back in the fall, but the root system can survive the winter (Perkins and Sytsma 1987; Titus and Adams 1979). Leu, E., A. Krieger-Liszkay, C. Goussias, and E. M. Gross. Environmental Assessment Program, Washington State Department of Ecology. 144:263-266. Additions to the Flora of South Carolina. Lake and Reservoir Management 10(1):19-23. Myriophyllum spicatum. Created on 04/29/2015. Searching areas colonized by these species may provide early detection, the best method for preventing new invasion (Nichols and Buchan 1997). Occurrences are summarized in Table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. Both eelgrass (Vallisneria americana) and southern naiad (Najas guadalupensis) are known to have been displaced by this nonindigenous species in the Mobile Delta of Alabama (Bates and Smith 1994). Hairston, Jr. 1998. The effect of the weevil Euhrychiopsis lecontei on Eurasian Watermilfoil: results from Brownington Pond and Norton Brook Pond. 2015. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) provides critical habitat for estuarine nekton in the Gulf of Mexico, but habitat quality of SAV beds may change when nonnative species, such as Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum), become established.We compared the habitat value of Myriophyllum with another common native SAV (Ruppia maritima) by using field collections to Paper A-93-2, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Creed, R. P., and S. P. Sheldon. Creed, R. P., S. P. Sheldon, and D. M. Cheek. Report A-88-5. The lethal and sublethal effects of the squatic macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum on baltic littoral planktivores. Accessed 23 April 2013. 1994. A Report for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington D.C. Colorado Parks and Wildlife. A World Catalogue of Agents and Their Target Weeds, 4th Edition. 1996. Myriophyllum spicatum is able to take up moderate amounts of cadmium, zinc, copper, lead, and selenium from its environment and store it in its leaves (Fawzy et al. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 32: 21-26. Technical Report A-96-6, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Smith, G.E. Created on 05/03/2010. Lake and Pond Littoral-Zone Macrophytes. 2013. Invasions and declines of submersed macrophytes in New England, with particular reference to Vermont Lakes and herbivorous invertebrates in New England. Keast, A. Myriophyllum spicatum dies back in the fall, but the root system can survive the winter (Perkins and Sytsma 1987; Titus and Adams 1979). Michigan Sea Grant. 2011b. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment 1993. Lui, K., M. Butler, M. Allen, E. Snyder, J. da Silva, B. Brownson, and A. Ecclestone. Accessed 25 April 2013. Pp. 2011. 1983. Accessed on 09/02/2015. 1995. Aquatic Vascular Plants of New England: Part 6. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 35:21-24. 1993. Accessed 23 April 2013. Accessed 25 April 2013. Guidelines for CLean Boats, Clean Waters: Michigan's Aquatic Invasive Species Volunteer Program Handbook. Dense cover allows high survival rates of young fish, however, larger predator fish lose foraging space and and are less efficient at obtaining their prey (Lillie and Budd 1992; Engel 1995). Steinauer, and D.M. 2003). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 1986. Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 25:15-22. USDA Forest Service - Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. Martin, and R.E. This herbicide method is not appropriate for large unmanageable areas of milfoil (Bargeron et al. 2011. Entomological News 105: 98-102. Eurasian watermilfoil. Names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. [2020]. Proceedings: 26th Annual Meeting, Aquatic Plant Control Research Program. Smart, G.O. 4 pp. 2011. Aquatic Invasive Species: (AIS) Plants Documented in RI Freshwaters. 1987. LSU-T-79-003. Myriophyllum spicatum is capable of hybridizing with the native M. sibiricum to produce M. sibricum X spicatum which has an intermediate number of leaf segments between the two parent species (Reznicek et al. Padgett, D.J. Misc. Report A-92-2. Carlson. 139 pp. 1984. Pages 183-193 in Proc. Boylen. 2012. The section is now dynamically updated from the NAS database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. Eurasian water-milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). Oviposition specificity and behavior of the watermilfoil specialist Euhrychiopsis lecontei. Minnesota and Federal Prohibited and Noxious Plants. Paper A-92-2, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Creed, R. P., and S. P. Sheldon. An hedonic analysis of effects of a. nonnative invader (Myriophyllum heterophyllum) on New Hampshire lakefront properties. Available http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/files/2012/12/06-710-EWM-milfoil-2012rev.pdf. Montz, G. 1980. Botany Department, Morris Arboretum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Perkins, M.A., and M.D. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Ecology 59(5): 10751080. This information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. Freshwater crustaceans and bass can utilize stands of M. spicatum for habitat and cover (Jacobs and Mangold 2009). Sheldon, S. P. and K. N. Jones. The liquid formulation of 2,4-D can be used in ponds and lakes at concentrations less than 2.0 parts per million (Bargeron et al. Pp. Nuisance Aquatic Plants and Aquatic Plant Management Programs in the United States. The decline of native vegetation under dense Eurasian watermilfoil canopies. Michigan Botanist 11:115-121. Environmental Assessment Aquatic Plant Management (NR 107) Program, WI. Ultrasound. Pfingsten, I.A., L. Berent, C.C. Eichler, and C.W. Lake and Reservoir Management 10(1):29-33. 4 in: R.G. Polyphenolic allelochemicals from the aquatic angiosperm Myriophyllum spicatum inhibit photosystem II. However, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources found that the application rate of 10 parts per billions would cause unavoidable damage to native vegetation (Welling 2013). 2002. http://www.gbif.org/dataset/85ac3c18-f762-11e1-a439-00145eb45e9a. and C.N. Growth of Myriophyllum: sediment or lake water as the source of nitrogen and phosphorus. Creed, R. P., and S. P. Sheldon. http://www.agri.idaho.gov/Categories/PlantsInsects/NoxiousWeeds/indexnoxweedmain.php. Myriophyllum spicatum Description Eurasian Milfoil is a submerged invasive aquatic plant that can form dense mats at the waters surface. Schuyler, A.E. Myriophyllum spicatum is native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Ecological Applications 5(4):1122-1132. The soft olive green feathered leaves are less than 2 inches long, and are arranged in whorls of four (occasionally 3-6) around the stem. Water Bureau. Invasive Species Program 2011. Invasive Plants of the Eastern U.S.: Identification and Control. Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation (VT DEC). Decline of the invasive submersed macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum (Haloragaceae) associated with herbivory by larvae of Acentria ephemerella (Lepidoptera). Cooke, G.D., A.B. 1995. Available http://www.dec.ny.gov/enb/20130213_not5.html. 2011a. 128129:5359. Developmental Performance of the Milfoil Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Watermilfoils in Washington State. 1988). 2009. The effect of harvesting on macrophyte regrowth and water quality in LaDue Reservoir, Ohio. Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission (GLIFWC). 1996. Wilcox, J.R. Whiting, and L.S. Mobile Delta Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Survey, 1994. Aquatic Plant Management Society, Vicksburg, Mississippi. Accessed on 11/20/2015. 1988. Loyola University Chicago. Aquatic Plant Technical Assistance Program: 1995 Activity Report. Lindn, E. and M. Lethiniemi. Plant fragments can be transported via wind, waves, or by human activity (Kimbel 1982). Utah Wildlife, Division of Wildlife Resources, Department of Natural Resources, UT. Adams. Dick, and D.R. 1985. Smith. Keast (1984) found that stands of Eurasian watermilfoil in lakes in Ontario had reduced abundance and diversity of aquatic insects and other benthic macroinvertebrates compared to native communities. The influence of an exotic submersed aquatic plant, Myriophyllum spicatum, on water quality, vegetation, and fish populations of Kirk Pond, Oregon. Madsen, J.D., R.M. state centroids or Canadian provinces). Restricted gene flow according to host plant in an herbivore feeding on native and exotic watermilfoils (Myriophyllum : Haloragaceae). Bonar, S.A., G.L. Accessed 25 April 2013. Hydrobiologia 194:133-142. Available http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/watermilfoil. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciecnes of the United States of America 99(23): 1486714871. Eurasian Watermilfoil. Lind, C.T., and G. Cottam. Lake and Reservoir Management 10(1):19-23. The chemical ecology of three species of Myriophyllum (Angiospermae, Haloragaceae). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI. and M. spicatum L. in New Jersey. Alaska Natural Heritage Program, Anchorage, AK. Resume of studies and control of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) in the Tennessee Valley from 1960 through 1969. This species is tolerant of low water temperatures and begins to photosynthesize and grow early in the spring (IISCTC 2007, MISIN and MNFI 2013). http://www.calflora.org/. 2011b. Aquatic weeds of Lake Seminole, Jim Woodruff Reservoir. 23-24 July 1985, Vancouver, B.C. Sheath, R.G. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Identification and management of Eurasian Water Milfoil in Wisconsin. Trapaceae, Haloragaceae, Hippuridaceae. 1981. 1979; Madsen et al. Pauley, and T.B. 3 pp. US Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS. http://corpslakes.usace.army.mil/employees/invasive/isps/index.cfm. Common Vascular Plants of the Louisiana Marsh. Calflora. Phytologia 36: 417-436. Distribution of selected aquatic plant species in Louisiana. Grue. Available. Limnology and Oceanography 15(1):1-5. Chabreck, R.H., and R. E. Condrey. Richerson., 2020, http://www.dnr.state.il.us/stewardship/cd/eppc/watermilfoil.html, http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/exotics/eurasian.html, http://invasives.glifwc.org/Myriophyllum_spicatum/eco_impacts.html, http://www.in.gov/dnr/files/EURASIAN_WATERMILFOIL.pdf, http://www.epa.state.il.us/water/conservation/lake-notes/aquatic-exotics/aquatic-exotics.pdf, http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/watermilfoil, http://www.dnr.state.il.us/stewardship/cd/biocontrol/6eurasianmilfoil.html, http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/downloads/ais/CBCW-lakes-EWM.pdf, http://www.miseagrant.umich.edu/files/2012/12/06-710-EWM-milfoil-2012rev.pdf, http://www.misin.msu.edu/facts/detail.php?id=44, http://www.dec.ny.gov/enb/20130213_not5.html, http://www.invadingspecies.com/invaders/plants-aquatic/eurasian-water-milfoil/, http://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1428, http://www.invasive.org/eastern/midatlantic/mysp.html, http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/aqua004.htm, http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticplants/milfoil/program.html, http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/invasives/fact/eurasianwatermilfoil.html, Michigan Tech Research Institute - Arresting the spread of Eurasian watermilfoil in the Great Lakes, Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission Maps, US Fish and Wildlife Service Ecological Risk Screening Summary for. 2002, Nakai et al. Reznicek, A.A., E. G. Voss, & B. S. Walters. 2003. Aquatic Toxicology. 1978. 2003. In New York, annual costs of control of Eurasian watermilfoil are estimated at $500,000 (Johnson and Blossey 2003). Padgett, D.J., G.E. Couch. Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council (RICRMC). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WI DNR). Welling, C. 2013. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Hutchinson, G.E. Nagey. Invasions and declines of submersed macrophytes in Lake George and other Adirondack lakes. Engel, S. 1995. Although in small tank experiments the native northern watermilfoil (Myriophyllum sibiricum Kom.) Typical dense beds restrict swimming, fishing and boating, clog water intakes and result in decaying mats that foul lakeside beaches. Jacono, and M.M. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum and related Haloragaceae species. The list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of Myriophyllum spicatum are found here. 1992. After flowering, this species can undergo auto-fragmentation; new roots at nodes along the stem, and then the plant will break of at these nodes (Gustafson and Adams 1973; Nichols 1975). Rolfsmeier, S.B., R.F. Steward KK, Nelson LL. Aquatic Plant Management Society, Vicksburg, MS. Creed Jr., R. P. 1998. 2013). Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. 1993. Solarz, S. L., and R. M. Newman. Reardon, and A. E. Miller. 2003. Eurasian Water-Milfoil: Myriophyllum spicatum 2 pp. Where possible, Eurasian watermilfoil can be drowned or dehydrated by water level manipulation (Bargeron et al. Sheldon, S.P. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 1988). Pfingsten, I.A., L. Berent, C.C. Patten, Jr., B.C. The biology of Canadian weeds. Accessed 23 April 2013. Madsen, J.D., J.W. Herbarium Specimen Voucher, Arizona State University (ASU) Vascular Plant Herbarium, Collections Database. 2002. Minnesota Sea Grant. The effect of harvesting on macrophyte regrowth and water quality in LaDue Reservoir, Ohio. Castanea 66(3):303-306. Grue. Jessee, B.R. Evidence of hydridity in invasive watermilfoil (Myriophyllum) populations. Idaho Invasive Species Council Technical Committee, The (IISCTC). Newroth and I. Wile. Height: The plant usually grows between 1-4 m (3.3-9.8 ft) but can extend up to 10 m (33 ft). 2010. http://gisin.org/cwis438/websites/GISINDirectory/Occurrence_Result.php?ProjectID=391&WebSiteID=4. The occurrence of sixteen species including Potamogeton illinoensis and Potamogeton pectinatus may be indicaters of conditions suitable for Eurasian water-milfoil invasion. Environmental Assessment Aquatic Plant Management (NR 107) Program, WI. Madsen, J.D. The uptake and distribution of selenium in three aquatic plants grown in Se(IV) solution. 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