From the British isles and Scandinavian peninsulas through central Europe south to the Mediterranean and east through eastern Siberia, Scotch pine can be found at varying elevations.Scotch pine was introduced to North America by European settlers and has long been cultivated, especially in the eastern United States and Canada. The Scotch Pine plantations that are left (if there are any, now) are a tight, tangled mess. They are variable in length, ranging from slightly over 1-inch for some varieties to nearly 3-inches for others. Additionally, the Scots pine is the plant badge of Clan Gregor and has been proposed as the national tree of Scotland. It is readily identified by its combination of fairly short, blue-green leaves and orange-red bark. Color is likewise variable with bright green characteristic of a few varieties to dark green to bluish tones more prominent in others. As a Christmas tree, it is known for its dark green foliage and stiff branches which are well suited for decorating with both light and heavy ornaments. In recent years the tree has been bothered with fatal attacks of pine wilt nematode, therefore, its use in landscapes is not recommended in many areas. The relatively humid and productive taiga of northern Europe and south-central Siberia is dominated by this species. Cretacea Kalenicz. On fertile sites, Scots pine is out-competed by other tree species, usually spruce or broad-leaved trees. Provided by ND State Soil Conservation Committee. Consequently, theres also a great amount of natural variability in terms of density, strength, and appearance because of the wide range of growth conditions for the tree. Scots pine is an evergreen conifer native to northern Europe. Provided by USDA NRCS Bismarck PMC (NDPMC). North Dakota tree handbook. For several years it was the favorite species of large eastern wholesale growers because of its excellent harvesting and shipping qualities. Ex Kom", Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scots_pine&oldid=992383768, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Pinus sylvestris L. Description. Scots pine is an important tree in forestry. [2][4][15], The seed cones are red at pollination, then pale brown, globose and 48mm (532516in) diameter in their first year, expanding to full size in their second year, pointed ovoid-conic, green, then grey-green to yellow-brown at maturity, 37.5cm (1183in) long. The undersides of Scotch pine needles are characterized by several prominent rows of white appearing stomatal openings. SCOTCH PINE: Approximately 1 in. In the eastern part of its range, it occurs with Siberian pine, among others.[3][4]. [34] It has been widely used in the United States for the Christmas tree trade, and was one of the most popular Christmas trees from the 1950s through the 1980s. Scotch pine is the most widely distributed pine species in the world, growing from northern Scotland to the Russian Pacific shore. It is readily identified by its combination of fairly short, blue-green leaves and orange-red bark. Usage Requirements. The pollen cones are yellow, occasionally pink, 812mm (5161532in) long; pollen release is in mid to late spring. Description: Scotch or Scots pine is an introduced species which has been widely planted for the purpose of producing Christmas trees. [28], The Scots pine formed much of the Caledonian Forest, which once covered much of the Scottish Highlands. Langlet, O. The Irish and western Scottish populations went through a massive decline around 4,000 years ago which ultimately led to the extinction of the Irish population between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago. [13] The habit of the mature tree is distinctive due to its long, bare and straight trunk topped by a rounded or flat-topped mass of foliage. For the United Baltic Corporation steamship, see, Species of conifer in the family Pinaceae, Rick Steves Scotland (second edition) By Rick Steves.
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1973 branch tips, two needle construction, 2 The Scotch pine is a long-needled coniferous evergreen that can easily grow 125 feet or more in height, with a trunk 3 feet or more in diameter. Identifying Pinus sylvestris by leaves, bark, twigs, branches and cones. Prepared by Dr. Melvin R. Koelling, Michigan State University, 2020 National Christmas Tree Association, Dreaming of a green Christmas: Make your holiday eco-friendly, Green myths debunked: Real trees are better for the environment, Popular products that originated from Christmas. It is a popular Christmas tree because of its form and ability to hold onto its needles for a long time. It remains popular for that usage, though it has been eclipsed in popularity, by such species as Fraser fir, Douglas-fir, and others. Scots (Scotch) Pine Tree (Pinus sylvestris) Scots (Scotch) pines have bluish-green short needles Scots (Scotch) pine trees are stunning evergreen conifers that have thick scaly brown bark, bluish-green needles, and small red to tan cones. 'Nature's art': Alf Hawes; 90; holds a Scotch pine tree with growths on it that he decorated with red-breasted finches. Pollen records show that pine was present locally in southern England by 9,000 years ago having entered from northeast France and that it had spread as far north as the Lake District and North Pennines 500 years later. More than thirty five different seed sources or varieties are commercially recognized. [31] It is listed as an invasive species in some areas there, including Ontario,[32] Michigan[33] and Wisconsin. Leaf persistence varies from two to four years in warmer climates, and up to nine years in subarctic regions. Twigs are green-brown and hairless. (1999). Caledonian Scots Pine: Origins and Genetic Structure. Seedling with flatter, unpaired juvenile leaves, Looking up into the branch structure of a P. sylvestris tree, "Baltic Pine" redirects here. A widely planted evergreen in the past that will grow 40 to 50 feet tall and 30 feet wide, scotch pine has bluish-green to green foliage which usually turns yellowish green in winter. The species is not demanding with respect to fertility or moisture and supplemental fertilization or irrigation is not considered necessary. "Scotch pine[10]" is another variant of the common name, used mostly in North America.[11]. It resists drying and if permitted to become dry does not drop its needles. In taiga: Trees. French Blue Scotch Pine (hindu pan) is an evergreen tree with a strong central leader and a more or less rounded form. In Scandinavian countries, Scots pine was used for making tar in the preindustrial age. Scotch Pine Tree Identification. For Christmas tree production purposes seed is usually sown in the spring and the resulting seedlings are allowed to grow for two years in the nursery bed before they are lifted and sold to Christmas tree producers. lapponica, but the differences are clinal and it is not genetically distinct. Its average texture blends into the landscape, but can be balanced by one or two finer or coarser trees or shrubs for an effective composition. Seed is obtained by international collectors and marketed through reputable seed dealers. This is a high maintenance tree that will require regular care and upkeep. Because of its ease of planting, generally high planting survival and favorable response to plantation culture it has been widely planted throughout much of the eastern United States and Canada. The postglacial history of Scots pine (. [14], The bark is thick, scaly dark grey-brown on the lower trunk, and thin, flaky and orange on the upper trunk and branches. are the most common coniferous tree worldwide, numbering around 100 species. The wood is pale brown to red-brown, and used for general construction work. The Scots pine was grown and used extensively in the coal mining regions of Flanders, Belgium. The color is a bright green. Other Names: Riga Pine, Mongolian pine, Scotch pine: Size: Height: 35 m Trunk Diameter: 1m Tallest recorded specimen measures 46.6 m: Identification: Leaves (Needles): Glaucous blue-green on mature trees, dark green to dark yellow-green in winter, 2.55 cm long and 1-2 mm broad, occur in bundles with a gray basal sheath. When established in plantations usually 6 to 8 years are required to produce a 7 to 8 foot tree. [2][3][5][17][18][19][20][21][22][23], Scots pine is the only pine native to northern Europe, forming either pure forests or mixed with Norway spruce, common juniper, silver birch, European rowan, Eurasian aspen and other hardwood species. These trees form Uses:In Europe and throughout several countries in Asia, Scotch pine is an important species of high economic value. It is also a preferred species for many choose and cut growers in much of the eastern and central United States. This is a relatively low maintenance tree. Scots pines are dense trees with dark-green needles. [2][3][4][5], The species is mainly found on poorer, sandy soils, rocky outcrops, peat bogs or close to the forest limit. Description:Scotch or Scots pine is an introduced species which has been widely planted for the purpose of producing Christmas trees. The bark is a scaly orange-brown, which develops plates and fissures with age. [4][5][15][27] Whether it truly became extinct in England is unknown. [28] Shakespeare (in Richard II) was familiar with the species in the 1590s, as was Evelyn in the early 1660s (Sylva), both around the time when Scots pine was thought to become extinct in England, but when landowners were also beginning ornamental and forestry planting. After the end of the last Ice Age, approximately 10,000 years ago, Scots pine, like other trees, spread northwards again from continental Europe into Britain. Trees in the far north of the range were formerly sometimes treated as var. It was a real shame. [26], In Britain it now occurs naturally only in Scotland. Distribution in Scotland. Genetic variation of Pinus sylvestris from Spain in Relation to Other European Populations. The Scotch Pine is an incredibly prevalent species and often dominates forests in Western Europe, Siberia, and the United States. Grows to 60', 40' spread. Scots Pine. Large amounts of cones are likewise produced which often persist on the tree from one year to the next. 2:48. In the north of its range, it occurs from sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft), while in the south of its range it is a mountain tree, growing at 1,2002,600 m (3,9008,500 ft) altitude. Goncharenko, G. G., Silin, A. E., & Padutov, V. E. (1995). A Cline or not a Cline a Question of Scots Pine. [3][35] Scots pines may be killed by the pine wood nematode, which causes pine wilt disease. Hardy to -50F Maximum Elevation: 8,000 Feet It is an extremely hardy species which is adaptable to a wide variety of soils and sites. Mature trees grow to 35m and can live for up to 700 years. [30], Scots pine has also been widely planted in New Zealand and much of the colder regions of North America; it was one of the first trees introduced to North America, in about 1600. When displayed in a water filled container it will remain fresh for the normal 3 to 4 week Christmas season. The market for Scotch Pine bombed, and they were ripped out and burned. (1986). Product Description Distinctive, heavily plated, yellowish-orange bark and layered spreading branches create an interesting conical to rounded evergreen with short, twisted, bluish-green needles and egg shaped cones. Biological Flora of the British Isles: Pinus sylvestris L. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42418A2978732.en, European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, "Architectural Timber: History and Conservation", "Scots Pine: Best Management Practices in Ontario", "Eesti krgeim mnd osutus hiiglaseks ka lejnud maailmas", " | Red Book of Russia. Despite this wide distribution, the Scots pine forests in Scotland are unique and distinct from those elsewhere because of the absence of any other native conifers. Like all natural trees it is readily recyclable and has many different uses following the Christmas holidays. It has excellent needle retention characteristics and holds up well throughout harvest, shipping and display. The tree is very hardy and is able to grow deep into the Arctic and into Scandinavia. 10 years ago, in the Flathead Valley of Montana, there were a lot of Scotch Pines, but they were destined for the Christmas Tree market. On mature trees the leaves ('needles') are a glaucous blue-green, often darker green to dark yellow-green in winter, 2.55cm (12in) long and 12mm (132332in) broad, produced in fascicles of two with a persistent grey 510mm (1438in) basal sheath. Common Characteristics:Approximately 1 in. On vigorous young trees the leaves can be twice as long, and occasionally occur in fascicles of three or four on the tips of strong shoots. It has been speculated that it may have survived wild long enough for trees used in cultivation in England to derive from native (rather than imported) sources. Native Scots pine at Crow Wood, Peeblesshire, This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 00:04. [15][17] The pine has also been used as a source of rosin and turpentine. Summary. It was present in Ireland over 8,800 years ago but absent from Wales at that time which suggests that Scots pine in Ireland had a separate Iberian origin or contained surviving populations, although evidence towards its survival is lacking. Populations in westernmost Scotland are genetically distinct from those in the rest of Scotland and northern Europe, but not sufficiently to have been distinguished as a separate botanical variety. Intra- and interspecific genetic differentiation in closely related pines from, Sinclair, W. T., Morman, J. D., & Ennos, R. A. The most common Christmas tree in the U.S., the scotch pine has an excellent survival rate, is easy to replant, has great keepability and will remain fresh throughout the holiday season. Seedlings up to one year old bear juvenile leaves; these are single (not in pairs), 23cm (34114in) long, flattened, with a serrated margin. It is adaptable to a wide variety of sites and accordingly, has been widely planted for both Christmas tree and ornamental purposes. Description. It is notable for its beautiful bluish-green or yellowish-green foliage. A few seed orchards have been established in the United States from which seed is locally collected. A seedling stand can be created by planting, sowing, or natural regeneration. Prus-Glowacki, W., & Stephan, B. R. (1994). Plans are currently in progress to restore at least some areas and work has started at key sites.[4][15]. Stem straight (contorted only if lead shoot damaged when young, often by pine shoot moth Evetria turionana). Another name, although less common, is European redwood. Most mature specimens reach about 60 feet in height, with a width of about 40 feet. (1959, facsimile reprint 1996). Propagation:Scotch pine is reproduced from seed. A common Christmas tree in the U.S., the scotch pine has an excellent survival rate, is easy to replant, has great keepability and will remain fresh throughout the holiday season. scotch pine tree at a tree farm. The timber from it is also called red deal or yellow deal, the name "deal" being adopted from the dimensional format term for a plank. Golden Scotch Pine is an evergreen tree with a strong central leader and a more or less rounded form. Forest stands containing Scotch pine are managed to produce pulpwood, poles, and sawlogs from which dimension and finish lumber is produced. Steven, H. M., & Carlisle, A. The tree requires annual shearing, usually beginning the second or third year following planting and continuing on through the year of harvest. In the past (before the 18th century), this species was more often known as "Scots fir" or "Scotch fir". In central and southern Europe, it occurs with numerous additional species, including European black pine, mountain pine, Macedonian pine, and Swiss pine. Large patches of forest containing mostly this species are still scattered over the countryside. The bark of upper branches on larger, more mature trees displays a prominent reddish-orange color which is very distinctive and attractive. The color is a bright green. The needles of Scotch pine are produced in bundles of two. Szmidt, A. E., & Wang, X-R. (1993). The seeds are blackish, 35mm (18316in) in length with a pale brown 1220mm (15322532in) wing and are released when the cones open in spring 2224 months after pollination. Christmas Tree Species: Scotch Pine MSUChristmasTrees : About Uploaded on Nov 10, 2010. Its average texture blends into the landscape, but can be balanced by one or two finer or coarser trees or shrubs for an effective composition. Overcutting for timber demand, fire, overgrazing by sheep and deer, and even deliberate clearance to deter wolves have all been factors in the decline of this once great pine and birch forest. Molecular systematics and genetic differentiation of. Bark is relished by porcupines, which can cause extensive damage. in length, these needles dont even fall when theyre dry, providing excellent needle retention. As a Christmas tree Scotch pine is probably the most commonly used species in the United States. It can be successfully grown in even poor soils. The tree spread across the British Isles after the Last Glacial Maximum. How to identify a Scots Pine, one of the more iconic pine species. Similar historical extinction and re-introduction applies to Ireland, Denmark and the Netherlands. On excellent sites within its native range mature trees may reach a trunk diameter of 30 inches or more and individual trees may exceed 125 feet in height. Scots pine is an introduced species which has been widely planted for the purpose of producing Christmas trees. It grows across a large portion of North America, where its popular in site reclamation. As the climate warmed it became extinct from most of the British Isles around 5,500 years ago except in Scotland and at Kielder, England. Scotch pine is host to a number of insect and disease problems, and continued protection from foliage and stem damaging agents is necessary. Orange- brown peeling bark. No description available. Historical and archaeological records indicate that it also occurred in Wales and England until about 300400 years ago, becoming extinct there due to over-exploitation and grazing; it has been re-introduced in these countries. Ornamental Features. Scotch Pine is an evergreen tree that develops ornamental bark and a bold, irregular character with age. It is an extremely hardy species which is adaptable to a wide variety of soils and sites. Comments: Scots Pine has an enormous distribution, spanning from Portugal in the west out to eastern Siberia. Only comparatively small areas (17,000ha (42,000 acres), only just over 1% of the estimated original 1,500,000ha (3,700,000 acres)[citation needed]) of this ancient forest remain, the main surviving remnants being at Abernethy Forest, Glen Affric, Rothiemurchus Forest, and the Black Wood of Rannoch. Additionally, the pine normally grows in a wide B., Westfall, R. D., & Forrest, G. I. Commercial plantation rotations vary between 50 and 120 years, with longer rotations in northeastern areas where growth is slower. Hard pines, such as Scotch, Corsican, and loblolly pines, have relatively hard timber, needles in bundles of two or three (rarely, five to eight), cone scales with prickles, and large amounts of resin. - scotch pine tree stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images Tree-Mendous: This 4-metre Scotch pine tree requires six hands to transport it. Scotch Pine General Description Also known as the Scots pine, Scotch pine is considered an excellent species for Christmas trees. Images by Boulder Tree Care. Mature Height/spread: 30 50 ft. high/20-35 ft. spread In youth, the Scotch pine has a conical shape, becoming a flat-topped, spreading tree with age, can be very attractive when mature, 30 to 50 tall, with an almost equal spread and horizontal branching habit. It was replaced by large areas of blanket bog in western Scotland and Ireland though the reasons for its decline and extinction in England are not clear, but it may have been influenced by human activities. The cone scales have a flat to pyramidal apophysis (the external part of the cone scale), with a small prickle on the umbo (central boss or protuberance). Bark on lower stem thick, scaly-plated, grey-brown; on upper stem and branches, thin, flaki Kinloch, B. United States, ND. [2][3][4][15], The shoots are light brown, with a spirally arranged scale-like pattern. The mighty Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris), also sometimes called the scots pine, is a rugged evergreen tree native to Europe. Like most pines two growing seasons are required to produce mature cones. As a Christmas tree Scotch pine is known for its excellent needle retention and good keepability. It was used to fortify the tunnelling and preferred for its cracking sound when in need of replacing. Scots pine, also called Scotch pine, is an introduced species from Europe and Asia. A tree to 2540 m tall and 0.51.2 m dbh. Can be used as either a windbreak or a single specimen. Despite its invasiveness in parts of eastern North America, Scots pine does not often grow well there, partly due to climate and soil differences between its native habitat and that of North America, and partly due to damage by pests and diseases; the tree often grows in a twisted, haphazard manner if not tended to (as they are in the Christmas tree trade). Pinus Sylvestris L. Var. Although plantations have been established in the United States for the purpose of producing forest products, the species does not perform as well as in its native habitat. Seed Cones: Red during pollination, turning gray-green to General Description A medium to large tree, typically pyramidal when young, becoming more rounded and open with age. The wood is used for pulp and sawn timber products. Stiff branches hold up well to ornaments and needle retention is Height: 40-50 feet (12-15 meters) Spread: 25-30 feet (7.6-9 meters) The Scotch pine is a long-lived tree with an expected life-span of 150 to 300 years; the oldest recorded specimen was inLapland, Carlisle, A., & Brown, A. H. F. (1968). Scots pine generally features (1) twisted, blue-green needles (to 3 long) in bundles of two, (2) gray to light brown cones (to 3 long) and (3) scaly orange/red bark in upper part but darker red-brown near the base. The common name of scotch pine is still popular, Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, is a species of tree in the pine family Pinaceae that is native to Eurasia, ranging from Western Europe to Eastern Siberia, south to the Caucasus Mountains and Anatolia, and north to well inside the Arctic Circle in Fennoscandia. Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, is a species of tree in the pine family Pinaceae that is native to Eurasia, ranging from Western Europe to Eastern Siberia, south to the Caucasus Mountains and Anatolia, and north to well inside the Arctic Circle in Fennoscandia. [9], Pinus sylvestris is an evergreen coniferous tree growing up to 35m in height[12] and 1m trunk diameter when mature,[13] exceptionally over 45 metres (148ft) tall and 1.7 metres (5ft 7in) trunk diameter on very productive sites, the tallest on record being a more than 210-year-old tree growing in Estonia which stands at 46.6m (152ft 11in). The nematode most often attacks trees that are at least ten years old and often kills trees it infects within a few weeks. in length, these needles dont even fall when theyre dry, providing excellent needle retention. As a young tree, Scotch pines grow naturally in a pyramidal shape and are sheared to create dense foliage. It is an extremely hardy species which is adaptable to a wide variety of soils and sites. The tree is pyramidal in shape when young, but becomes flatter on top as it ages. Forest Other Names: Scots Pine. [17] Scots pine fibres are used to make the textile known as vegetable flannel,[29] which has a hemp-like appearance, but with a tighter, softer texture. It has an attractive and distinctive look, but its not always a good choice for the home landscape in some areas. [2][4][15][10], Over 100 Pinus sylvestris varieties have been described in the botanical literature, but only three or four are now accepted. Dense, bluish-green foliage grows on wide, sweeping branches. The lifespan is normally 150300 years, with the oldest recorded specimens in Lapland, Northern Finland over 760 years. [16] They differ only minimally in morphology, but with more pronounced differences in genetic analysis and resin composition. [6], Other names sometimes used include Riga pine,[8] Baltic pine,[9] Norway pine, and Mongolian pine for var. Some active tar producers still exist, but mostly the industry has ceased. Pine trees (Pinus spp.) Logs from trees of large diameters are processed into veneer and used in manufacturing plywood. USDA NRCS ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Administration, Bismarck. Scots pine is the tree species that has long defined the Michigan Christmas tree and is still a favorite for traditionalists. A beautiful evergreen which is hardy and adaptable to nearly all climates. The Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris), an asset to any landscape, only gets better with age. Scots pines generally have a forked trunk that gives the medium-sized pine 2 flat masses of foliage. (zones 3-7) Facts About Pine Trees. In this growers guide to Christmas tree species, Dr. Bert Cregg of Michigan State University gives an overview of Scotch Pine. The species is also valued as an ornamental and landscape plant and has been widely planted in parks and gardens. Description: An ornamental variation of scotch pine with interesting clumped needle growth; this tree must be kept pruned to maintain the pom pom puff effect but is well worth it for the exotic element it will add to your garden. [36], Several cultivars are grown for ornamental purposes in parks and large gardens, of which 'Aurea',[37] 'Beuvronensis',[38] 'Frensham',[39] and 'Gold Coin'[40] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[41]. There has been some research by university personnel to identify and produce genetically improved planting stock, although these efforts have not been totally successful. The crown is variable, with a variety of shapes common in wild populations from level branches to near-fastigiate (Pravdin 1964, Steven & Carlisle 1959); open ovoid-conic when young and usually eventually becoming dense, broadly domed or even flat-topped. The Scotch Pine is a lovely pine widely used throughout North America as a landscape pine and as a commercially grown Christmas tree. How to Identify Pine Trees - Duration: 2:48. manuela lopez ramirez 56,321 views. In the north of its range, it occurs from sea level to 1,000m (3,300ft), while in the south of its range it is a mountain tree, growing at 1,2002,600m (3,9008,500ft) altitude. Scotch Pine (pom pom) has attractive bluish-green foliage. mongolica. It has a dry density around 470kg/m3 (varying with growth conditions), an open porosity of 60%, a fibre saturation point of 0.25kg/kg, and a saturation moisture content of 1.60kg/kg. Range:Scotch pine is native to Europe and Asia. [25] Pine expanded into Scotland between 8,000 and 8,500 years ago either from an independent refuge, from Scandinavia (via Doggerland) or from Ireland. Mature trees have an open spreading habit with distinguishing orange, scaly bark. (1959).